4 Ways to Memorize a Speech - Without Sounding Like a Nervous Robot

4 Ways to Memorize a Speech - Without Sounding Like a Nervous Robot You have taken time and researched your content. You plan it out and now it’s time to write it down. It has been tasking, especially the research bit. But you know very well that the biggest task is yet to come.Presenting your speech is the most challenging part of your project. It may be a gratitude speech given to guests during a CSR event or a sales pitch delivered to potential investors.Whichever way, the presentation communicates more than anything else. Did you know that how you make your presentation determines how people receive it?Having facts and stats about the subject you’re talking about is good. Having a deep understanding of the subject makes you best suited to talk about it.But if your presentation skills are not great, then the whole thing is likely to fail. Great presentation skills guarantee success to whatever you want to communicate.One of the essentials of a great presentation is speaking from memory. Although having notes is allowed, not having them paints a better picture of you.Speaking without notes makes you come across as an expert in the field. It is simply taken to mean that you are talking out of knowledge and experience.If you are interested in furthering your career or expanding your business, then it’s crucial that you be able to speak from memory.But there is a challenge here.What if your memory is not so good?No problem. Despite what you may have heard or thought, no-one has perfect memory. In fact, what is usually said to be a photographic memory does not really exist. Those who speak well simply train themselves and great results follow.This is exactly why this articles exists: to help you become like them, if not better.First, let’s start with a simple understanding of how the human memory works.It is divided into two: short-term and long-term. Anything you read, watch or listen to, goes into your short-term memory. As the name indicates, the span of this memory is really short. Short-term memory lasts 15 â€" 30 se conds. Anything else is long-term memory.Since this duration is too short for most tasks, your brain selects what to push from the short-term into the long-term memory. This does not necessarily mean that whatever is stored in your long-term memory is permanent.For you to give your speech from memory, you need it to get to the long-term memory where you can retrieve it later.Still, your brain can delete the whole information or bits of it.To avoid this unfortunate turn of events, you have to tell your brain to retain the speech. In other words, you have to memorize it.WHY YOU FORGET SO EASILYIt is encouraging to hear Ron White, two-time USA memory champion, say that he doesn’t have a perfect memory. He just trained himself and got the results. You too can have similar results if you train your memory well.Your memory exists to serve you and help you recall what you need so as to achieve your goals. To do this, your brain decides what to prioritize and what to quickly discard. This is all depending on the information you have fed it in the course of time.In some cases, you may not have given it enough information by which to make proper decisions. But being the smart tool it is, it learns quickly. It takes the current situation, looks at what interests you in it and starts prioritizing anything related to that.This is why you may struggle to prioritize the right things.For example, you may attend a networking seminar and once the talks are over, you get introduced to several people. According to your mind, you were supposed to know more than five people and get their business contacts. However, things change.One of the potential customers you meet is a very beautiful lady and a different interest comes up in your mind. You get carried away by her smile and instantly like her voice.At this point, your mind needs serious motivation to pursue business interests. Though you may later talk with other people, you may forget their names, even faces, but remember thi s particular lady. Why?From the information your mind has, it knows the amount of interest you have given different things. In this case, maybe you’re single and have been seriously thinking of settling down.Though the business interests are important, the desire to settle down ranks higher in life interests. Your mind therefore grabs the opportunity which could lead you to settling down.Everything you feed into your mind passes through the short-term memory. But for something to be saved for long-term recall, two conditions are checked:Long-term usefulness â€" anything which is not going to last for long in your life will not be stored for long-term access. This is why you can’t remember some of the things you learned in school. You crammed them, passed the exams but their usefulness in your life never went beyond the school years.Interest levels â€" whether something is useful for the long-term or not, your interest levels can make your mind store it for long-term access. When something or someone piques your interest, your brain’s reward system is activated. Anything that happens during this time will be remembered better than what happens when you’re bored.The things which interest you are often those that leave you feeling good. Whenever involved, your emotions determine how much you remember. Feelings of good are cherished by the mind because they make both your mind and body be at ease. They also provide some necessary therapy during hard times.You will be pleased to know that your mind knows what to invest in.If you therefore find yourself forgetting very easily, you have these two main questions to ask yourself: are you engaging in something meaningful and is it something interesting? Unfortunately, life doesn’t always give you easy options to choose from.Case in point? When you have a speech to deliver before an audience and it’s part of your academic tests.Or you have a sales presentation which determines whether you get funding for your business or not. Such situations demand that you bring out your best.You will have to make the best of the opportunity and nothing promises better results than giving the speech from memory.HINDRANCES TO SUCCESSFULLY MEMORIZING A SPEECHMemorizing is not easy where there are barriers. These make a seemingly difficult task truly difficult.But can you avoid them?As with most other unwanted things, these barriers are merely challenges. Though it’s a fact that they exist, their effect on your efforts to memorize a speech is largely dependent on you.Since they are lifestyle-related, you can make changes to your routine and keep them at bay.Below are some common barriers and how to overcome them.MultitaskingModern life makes multitasking seem like a necessary skill to acquire yet it’s actually a distraction. There is so much to be achieved in the shortest time possible that more time is needed. If only someone could invent a way of making a day last 30 hours instead of 24…Whatever y ou do, it is important to provide your mind with a conducive working environment. This becomes critical when learning something new, like committing the speech material to memory.Despite talk that multitasking shows you are more productive, the truth is that it actually negatively affects your life. Multitasking hampers your learning abilities.For the best results, your mind should concentrate on one task and finish it. Then you can allocate it more work. This way, it channels all its energies to the particular task and finishes faster, while guaranteeing better results.For example, if in the midst of learning you receive a text from a friend and decide to read it, you have introduced a distraction. Whether you reply immediately or later, it doesn’t matter much.You engaged your mind in reading the text and understanding its contents. And upon reading it, your mind starts working on a response, even if you will send it later.When you go back to your learning, your concentration is now fragmented. Some part of it is in the text. Maybe the text reminds you of the time spent with your friend.Or maybe he was asking for some help. You will need considerable effort to fully get back into the learning. This means the overall learning process will take more time that it ought to have.Lack of sleepYour brain needs enough sleep to function well. You have been working all day long and require rest. At night, your body automatically slows down so as to repair damaged muscles and prepare for the following day.When you push yourself too hard and sleep too little, you are creating an atmosphere of stress. From the lack of sleep, your body won’t have undergone the necessary repair to be in tip-top shape for the following day.Sleep deprivation has many effects as explained in the below video. When you combine this with the pressure of learning something new in a short time, you overwork your brain.Although it can adopt to the situation and deliver, it is important to know t hat this is not the best way of handling things. In due time, you may suffer more memory breakdown that you expect.StressStress takes a toll on you and negatively affects your social life; from family to friends. In this state of mind, you can be sure that learning anything new would not be easy. Stress affects learning and memory thus not a good environment for memorizing your speech.And it gets worse when the stress makes you lose sleep.If you are like most people, stress has gradually formed a part of your life. From the workplace to home, opportunities to pick up stress abound.That said, what is acceptable as normal is the little stress that comes and leaves after a while. But recurrent stress or prolonged stress is unhealthy and should be avoided. If you’re already a victim, then you should actively fight stress.Lack of mental exercisesWhat happens when you want something but there seems to be a barrier before you? What if it’s a barrier you can challenge?Your mind fuels th e need or desire to overcome the challenge. It starts thinking of ways of going through or around the problem. However, the success of your mind’s mission is largely dependent on whether it has been exercised enough. You exercise the mind in two major ways:1. Physical workout â€" unless you are not aware of the dangers of being a couch potato, you very likely do some form of physical exercise. Physical exercises benefit more than the skeletal muscles and do more than shaping your body.Though these are the most visible outcomes of physical workout, there are more benefits. You may not have thought much about them but if you regularly exercise, you definitely have experienced them.They include reduced stress levels, feeling more happy, reduced risk of heart diseases, finding it easier to relax and sleep and improved memory and thinking. Also, you develop a higher sense of confidence and this helps you successfully tackle challenges in life.2. Mental workout â€" this is not as common ly-known as physical workout. However, you still engage in it quite oftenâ€"depending on your lifestyle. Do you fill out the crossword in newspapers and magazines? Do you engage in competitive sports?These push your mind to work hard and think of ways to beat your opponent. Apart from enjoying yourself, your brain is building it’s own muscles and your cognitive reserves are increasing. You can have better memory if you engage in more brain exercises and avoid damaging habits like smoking.Having looked at these challenges, let’s see what reasons you have for working on your memorization abilities.BENEFITS OF BETTER MEMORIZATIONThere are many benefits that can be derived by practising memorization.Though some may be argued as situational benefits, the below stand as general gains for all people.Whether you are an engineer or artist, learning to memorize enables you enjoy the below benefits.Seem like a specialist in the subjectPresenting your speech from memory makes you seem like a specialist in the subject. This is as opposed to doing it from notes.The free flow of words explaining your points indicates that you understand the subject well. If you are hoping to convince people to do something, then you become more believable.This is an important benefit for you. People rarely take any action unless they trust you. Whether it’s with their time or money, you simply have to prove yourself first. Memorizing your speech is the first step towards achieving this trust.Once you gain their trust, you can ask your audience to take any action and they will. You will however have to deliver on whatever you promise so as to maintain the trust.Freedom for your mind to be creativeYour mind is good just as it is, but it can become better. The same way hitting the gym enables you to lift heavier weights, so does memorizing your speech help your mind become more creative.This becomes evident when you get to the presentation. Having all the information stored in your mind r eady for recall gives you a big dose of confidence. This is even more important if you want to avoid sounding like a nervous robot.Your audience will expect you to deliver an engaging speech. You will need to gauge their interest levels. If for example they seem to be getting bored, you need to tell a joke. Or a short funny but relevant story. If their faces show they’re confused, you should explain the point you have just made.You will not be able to do any of these things if your mind is caught up in trying to remember the speech. You will be stressed and get more nervous with every passing second. Eventually, eager to finish your speech, you will end up not performing as you could.With your speech memorized, your mind is free and confident to be creative and implement other public speaking skills as necessary.Better time managementMemorizing a speech helps you utilize the time allocated to you efficiently. This is because you have everything laid out clearly in your mind. This also helps you avoid awkward moments of silence. You will not waste time trying to retrieve specific thoughts from memory or connect two random ideas.Such incidents can really affect your speech delivery with irreversible negative effects. If you are in an event where there are several speeches being given, people may switch off and just wait for the next speaker.When you however use your time well, your audience see professionalism in you. It is interpreted as respect for your audience by being on point.More than that, if you finish before your time is over, you can answer any questions which your audience may have.4 WAYS TO MEMORIZE A SPEECHMemorizing a speech is not as difficult as it may sound. If you find it to be difficult, then you have come to the right place.Having shown you the hindrances to memorizing, you know what to avoid. And with the benefits of attaining this skill, you have the motivation to learn the different ways you can memorize a speech.Remember that memorizin g does not mean cramming your speech verbatim. Doing so will make you sound like a robot replaying recorded words. The only difference is that this particular robot will be human.You will also have no way of adjusting to your audience. If you get an opportunity to tell a joke or story, you won’t do it. Why? It was not part of the speech and it may throw you into confusion.Memorizing just means getting the information to stick so that it can be easily retrieved. You just need to have the main points of the speech and the flow of information. Once this is clear in your mind, you’re good to go. You can look forward to easier times delivering speeches.So, how exactly do you memorize a speech? Four great ways are discussed below.Repeated writingIt is known that writing something down helps you remember it. Many teachers know this and that’s why they insist that their students take notes.With technology forcing people into a paperless lifestyle, you probably would prefer typing to w riting. Maybe you don’t even have a notebook. Probably not even a diary. Anyway, aren’t there mobile phone apps for almost anything?When looking to memorize your speech though, you’re better off replacing your laptop with a notebook. Nothing fancy needed, just some paper and pen.Let the ideas flow as you write them down, your handwriting notwithstanding. Scientists from Japan researched on this and concluded that indeed the more you write the more you remember.After you’ve finished writing your speech, write it down again. Let it flow again from your mind but as close to the original as possible. The more you recall the speech information from your mind, the more your mind reinforces the path it follows to retrieve it.When typing, you simply punch some keys on your keyboard and they are represented on the screen. When writing however, it’s different and deeper than that. You also give yourself an opportunity to enjoy many other benefits of writing which you unknowingly tra de off when typing.There is much effort from your mind required to take a notebook, grab a pen, hold it in the right position and write. Note that writing itself is more like drawing. For example, if writing the letter ‘P,’ you will not hit a single key as on the keyboard. You will instead draw two separate lines. A straight vertical line, and a small reversed letter ‘C’ attached to the top of the line.Therefore, writing is actually drawing. And whatever you draw, you remember.When you do this, your mind puts in effort and cumulatively doing it severally, makes it stick.Use this method to memorize your speech and when it comes to presentation, it will just flow naturally.Mind palace techniqueYou may be aware that the ancient Greeks were known for their philosophical thinking. Yet that’s not all.There is a popular memorization technique called the mind palace which was invented by a Greek lyric poet called Simonides of Ceos. Other names for it are “Memory Palace” and †œMethod of loci.”The term “Memory of loci” is what describes how this technique works. “Loci” is Latin for “places” and this method utilizes “places” created in the mind to store required information.In this technique, you memorize the layout of a building you are familiar with, e.g. your house. You go through your house and select specific places to which you will attach what you want to remember. In the case of a speech, you will pick specific points which the speech discusses. These are what you will store in the places you picked in your house.When the time to recall your points come, you simply walk through your house in the order which your places occur. When you get to the first place, you see what you put there and remember the point it represents.You discuss this point and continue walking to the next place. Here you see the thing you put there and remember what it represents then discuss it.This technique is widely used by those who are seen to have a gre at memory. The biggest reason is the amount of control you have over how to use it.For example, it is at your discretion which building you use. You can even use the path you take to work every morning. Just ensure you know the streets well and can easily pick the “places” where you will put what you want to remember. It may be the newspaper vendor, the coffee shop, the post office or anything on that path.A big trick in succeeding with this technique is to make everything as close to reality as possible. If using your house, make the imaginary walk through your house just like you would walk when you get in.Another trick is to select prominent “places” which you cannot miss. They have to be places you interact with every day.For example, what do you see once you enter your house? A coat hanger? Select that. A rocking chair which you sit on after dinner? Select that too.As you continue walking, you probably get to your computer desk. Select that but don’t select a pen on y our desk just because you like it. This is too small and if you don’t use it every day, you can forget to pass by it.Concentrate on big things which if moved from their usual position in your house, you will automatically know it. You can only use small things if you have very many points to remember. But since you’re memorizing a speech, you will rarely need to get to small things. Keep your focus on furniture and electronics.This is a powerful memorizing technique and is what one of the world’s best known memory champions uses. In the below video, he gives an explanation of how it works. What you should remember when using this technique is to assign the speech points some meaningful images. It is the images you assign to the speech points that you will see when you get to that chosen place in your house.Spaced repetitionThis technique addresses forgetfulness from the core. In an ideal situation, learning takes place gradually. Still, whatever your brain learns now, it is bo und to forget within a few hours.If you remind it later by learning the same thing again, then it starts focusing on the information.This increases your chances of remembering what you learn.It is frequent repetition that produces a natural tendency. AristotleThe German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered studies on the human memory and discovered the forgetting curve and spacing effect.The forgetting curve shows that you forget what you have learned as time passes. To keep the learned material, the spacing effect is used to learn. In this method, you first learn then take a break, preferably one day, then learn again.After that, increase the wait interval to two days then learn again. Every re-learning session happens after a time interval which is longer than the previous one.This technique is best suited for speeches which you will deliver in a week or so from the day you first write them. To use it therefore, you need to write your speech immediately your assignment is co nfirmed.If it happens that you only have 3 days for example, you can still use it. All you’ll have to do is review your speech after writing it, one day later and on the day of delivering it.The biggest advantage of using this memorizing technique is that it saves you a lot of last minute stress. Since you have reviewed it severally, it is already comfortably seated in your memory ready for recall.This way, you can even invite your creativity to spice it up because the main content is not under the threat of being forgotten.Recite before someoneReciting your speech is the best way to practice presenting it. If you can have more than one person listen to you recite, the better. If for some reason you can’t have an audience, then don’t worry. You can turn yourself into an audience by reciting in front of a mirror.For the best results with reciting, read your speech at least once after writing it. This way, your brain will have accessed the information twice. First during the wri ting and secondly, during the reading. This will ensure that your brain holds on to the information. It will therefore not be discarded from your memory quickly.Since the speech is now in your memory, it’s now time to commit it. This is exactly what reciting will do.A research found out that talking out loud what you’re studying helps you remember it. If reading quietly what you’re learning, the words are stored in memory as necessary. But when you speak out the learning material, there is more that happens and that is what makes the material stick.As you recite, the speech is being re-produced by your brain. The stored information is first of all retrieved. Your brain then puts that information into spoken words and coordinates the necessary bodily functions to generate speech.More than that, you get to hear the words again as you speak them. This is what the researchers called the production effect.More than that, reciting also helps you remember more by using the path of im proved self-confidence.When you recite before someone or some people, you build your confidence before the actual presentation.In 2003, a study on the connection between self-esteem and memory was conducted. It confirmed that those high in self-esteem had better chances of remembering events, even when they were difficult to remember.So, how exactly does this work out in remembering a speech?When you recite, you remember the speech content. Following that, you develop the confidence to present it later. From your success in reciting, your self-esteem goes higher.With a high self-esteem, you stand better chances of remembering the content as well as forgotten life events. And if you continue with this trend, you definitely improve your Memory.Wouldn’t you want that?MEMORIZATION TIPAfter all is said and done, your memorization efforts will bear no fruits if you ignore sleep. Learning new material happens best when enough sleep is included in your routine. There are still many discus sions on the amount of sleep required. Many scientists however agree on an average of eight hours a day.But the amount of sleep is not all that matters. The timing is important too.Research shows that learning before bedtime improves the chances of recalling the learned material. So, if you seek to memorize a speech, it will be best to do it before bedtime.And no matter what you do, do not deprive yourself of sleep as that leads to memory loss. The below video explains it well. CONCLUSIONYou have obviously seen at least one person give a speech from memory and thought he was lucky to have a great memory.Well, as much as that is possible, the possibility exists for you too.Pick one of the techniques discussed above and enjoy easier times memorizing your speeches. Remember to keep the hindrances to memorizing at bay.

The Difficult and Remote Island of Papua New Guinea

The remote Island of Papua New Guinea can be extremely hard to travel or research as this remote island has limited infrastructure with very little information to read about in magazine and websites, in short it is like stepping into the great unknown. This is exactly why people are intrigued with trying to save the culture of its people, its wild life and its beautiful rain forest, which are in sever danger of deforestation. The industrial revolution is destroying the Papua New Guinea Rainforest and its way of life, the end result is climate changes around the globe. Located North of Australia sit’s the island of New Guinea, home to the third largest rainforest in Asian. The island is populated by a tripe of savages called the Haywau. The Haywau are know to be canabals and will kill each other with knives, hachets and spears. They live off wildlife they kill and bugs they catch. 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History of Basketball - 2447 Words

One of the greatest sports in the world is goes by the name of basketball. This great game was invented by James Naismith December of 1891. James Naismith was a physician from Canada and attended McGill’s University in Montreal, Canada. After working as McGill’s Athletic director he went to Springfield, Massachusetts. He introduced the game when he was an instructor at the Young Men Christian Association Training School in Springfield. He created the game because he needed to think of something the kids would be able to play during those cold winters, in a small area. He wanted to come up with something where you wouldn’t have to be the strongest but have to have to be skilled. The game involved elements of football, soccer, and hockey†¦show more content†¦As for professional basketball leagues in 1937 Goodyear, Firestone, and General Electric started up the National Basketball League. This league was formed by industrial teams sponsored by companies and even independent teams. Mostly all these teams were based in the Midwest. Now after World War II ended there was a move to establish a true nationwide league. This lead to the Basketball Association of America being born. Now in 1949 this year was the end of the National Basketball League and its remaining teams joined the Basketball Association of America. With all the teams combined the National Basketball Association was formed. For colleges Ivy League schools such as Yale, Harvard, Cornell, and Princeton formed some of the earliest college leagues. A group of basketball writers in 1937 from New York decided to have a basketball tournament. This is how they would name the college national basketball team. This tournament would the 1 invitation tournament and was held at New York’s Madison Square Garden. This event took place in 1938 and the tournament winner with Temple becoming the first national champion team. A group of coaches felt that this tournament should be more centralized so they started their own tournament. It was the year of 1939 when they did so only a year after the original tournament. The tournament that these coaches started up was then taking over by the NCAA. It eventually grew into what we call today March Madness. Now withShow MoreRelatedHistory of Basketball848 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Basketball Basketball has been around for over 100 years, and from the very beginning to now, the sport has come a long way. Basketball is extremely popular around the world, it is a court game played by two teams of five players each. The object is to put a ball through a hoop, or basket, and thus score more points than the opposing team (Naismith). Today there is the NBA as the professional league and colleges all across America has picked up the game of basketball also. TodayRead MoreThe History of Basketball577 Words   |  2 PagesBasketball is a sport that was created for a gym class and evolved into a worldwide sensation . Basketball was created in 1891 by a man named James Naismith. He originally created the game for his gym class because, it was unbearable outside for any other sports , and the game originally was nonphysical and only had 13 rules. When basketball was first created , there were unlimited players allowed on the court and present day there are only five players per team allowed on the court. Also,Read MoreEssay on History of Basketball671 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of Basketball â€Å"According anywhere from Australia to the United States and everywhere in between the game of basketball is played.† (Faurschou, â€Å"History of basketball†). The game is played anywhere where you can get a ball and something to throw the ball through. â€Å"G.L Pierce patented basketball on June 25, 1929.† (Bellis, â€Å"Basketball-James Naismith†). Basketball became an official Olympic sport in the 1936 game. â€Å"Both the Aztecs and the Mayans had a version of the game of basketballRead More History Of Basketball Essay737 Words   |  3 Pages History of Basketball nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Who is known world-wide as the inventor of basketball? His name is Dr. James Naismith, he was born in 1861 in Almonte, Ontario. Most people wonder were a young man would think of a game like basketball. The concept of basketball was born from his school days in the area where he played a simple childs game known as duck-on-a-rock outside his one-room schoolhouse. The game involved attempting to knock a quot;duckquot; off the top of a largeRead MoreHistory of Basketball Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pages The game of basketball is recognizable high school or the NBA. The sport is very popular and is played worldwide. Everyone may also know the sport from some names of basketball stars. Maybe the names Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Dr. J, Lebron James, Kobe Bryant, or Carmelo Anthony ring a bell. They are all outstanding players of the game and have a significant understanding of how the game is played. Basketball has changed alot overtime and has become one of Americas most played sports. ItRead MoreThe History and Development of Basketball Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever speculated who created basketball? Maybe even if different cultures played it and how they did? What the original rules were? How it has been altered since it was first invented? All of these answers can be found in this paper. Did you know that our ancestors played a game sort of like basketball before it was even invented? Centuries ago in Mexico, people played games where they used a ball and hoop. They would take turns trying to toss the ball into the basket and keep trackRead MoreA Brief History of Basketball438 Words   |  2 Pages Basketball is a sport played by many individuals throughout the world. The sport was created in December of 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, and has slowly evolved ever since. Originally, the sport was played with a soccer ball and peach baskets, and was of a much slower pace compared to the basketball games of today. By 1906, the peach baskets were replaced with metal hoops and backboards. By the early 19th century, many colleges had adopted basketball as one of their sport. Soon after, high schoolsRead MoreEssay about Evolution and History of Basketball1756 Words   |  8 PagesEvolution and History of Basketball There is no such sport more convenient or accessible than basketball. It is fun, practical, and affordable. Its also a common and healthy alternative to electronic entertainment. However, such a great sport could not come about by itself. There was an idea behind it. And behind that idea was a man, Dr. James Naismith. James Naismith was born near Almonte, Ontario on November 6, 1861. He was the eldest son of Scottish immigrants John and MargaretRead MoreJames Naismith And The Creation Of Basketball1093 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness English 9 October 2017 James Naismith and the Creation of Basketball In 1891, Dr. James Naismith was teaching at a local YMCA when he came up with a game that could be played inside during the Winter (Laughead). The game that Naismith created would later be known worldwide as â€Å"basketball.† This game has greatly influenced the sports industry with fans, players, and professional teams all over the world. Basketball took a long time to develop into what it is today, but it is nowRead MoreBasketball s Influence On Basketball1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe history behind basketball may appeal boring to some, but it is astounding as it is for the exhilaration of watching a professional player score a game-winning three-pointer or a half-court shot. The first official game of basketball occurred on January 20, 1892 in Springfield, Massachusetts (Faurschou). From what is now a popular sport worldwide started off with an interesting history, but the roots of basketball was full of individual challenges, each making the sport difficul t to retain a public

Bilingual special education Free Essays

According to Figueroa, January 1999 combination of bilingual education with special education offers an interesting example on what should not happen in educational evolution and reform. In United States there is inconsistent interface between bilingual and special education offering basis for unique form of significant dialogue between United States, Latin America and Mexico on children education that didn’t not thrive in general education programs and who later wind up in special education or remedial classrooms. The main arguments of this article are on psychological and medical underpinnings on current bilingual special education modus in Western Hemisphere that has survived its usefulness. We will write a custom essay sample on Bilingual special education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Educational paradigms are the main focus to guide behavior of special educators in achieving learning needs of students with disabilities. Figueroa argues that, this is the time for diminution of the functions of regulations, with significance given on diagnostic and predictive evaluation, stressing on ritualized and detailed system for establishing Individualized Educational Programs with belief on power of drills, contingent reinforcement, skills and enough conditions for actuating high-order mental processes (Figueroa, 324). Figueroa, January 1999 argued that, for the underachievers a different vision and a new skepticism is required for current beliefs and practices in bilingual and special education. For bilingual and special education, educators should increase use of presentations which is recommended as â€Å"do more† principle. Increased use of tests and state-based regulatory edifices should be used. Bilingual and special education offer more interesting strategy on educational reformation. Despite the importance and strength of bilingual special education in United States, it lacks crucial components. There is no theoretical grounding that would serve in explaining and guiding bilingual special education with clear acknowledgment on the thirty year old literature and that questions the diagnostic, regulatory, pedagogical and structural foundations of bilingual special education (Figueroa, 326). The article, Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom by Goldstein, 1995 explains application of critical pedagogical principles in first and second grade of bilingual special class for Latino children with limited proficiency in English. Teachers of bilingual special education face difficult challenges especially in evaluating learning disabilities. Those ESL students with disabilities are deprived intervention because teachers are reluctant in categorizing them with learning disability. Teachers really struggle with question of examining ESL students and they have to understand the link between ESL students and evaluation for special education. According to Goldstein, 1995 teacher’s assessment on ESL students is wrong. Many students are miscategorized having learning disabilities because of their failure to respond to instructions they get from teachers (Goldstein, 463). The problem is that skill-based instructions don’t work in most cases and they even result in establishment of learned learning disability. Goldstein argued that, bicultural and bilingual students have signs of learning disabilities not because they have cognitive abnormalities but because of difficulties to adjust to the dominant school culture. Teachers use innovative approach in educating bilingual students which is known as critical pedagogy based on theoretical work. This focuses more on the style of whole-language in teaching literacy. Teachers tailor their lessons on personal lives of students more so on social and economic difficulties they have experienced. She concludes that many students in ESL have no learning disabilities and they negatively respond to instructions they get from their teachers in classroom based on the dominant school culture. The strength of this article is that bilingual students can not be evaluated in same way as those native English speaking students. The best way of evaluated ESL students with learning disabilities is by use of wide array of evaluation approaches like standardized testing on phonological awareness with close observation on students in multiple contexts. The weakness part of it is that, this article doesn’t give full information on what should be done to the student thus more research should be done to find most cost-effective and accurate ways of evaluating ESL students. This problem is facing many schools and will continue to grow within United States in those non English Speaking populations (Goldstein, 467). The article, school-based bilingual special education teacher assistance teams by Harris, 1995 discusses establishment of school-based bilingual special education teams mainly on Hispanic school situation located in urban southwest city. Intervention and preferred screening involves identification of problems which students experience regularly in classroom, they identify the source of the problem either from teachers, students, environment or curriculum and finds ways of dealing with the problem in regular classroom. This eliminates unsuitable and unnecessary referrals to bilingual special education. Implementation of pre-referral intervention process in which teachers are helped in remediation of the problems should be avoided and help teacher remediate problems experienced by children in classroom. This achieved through team of teachers, other colleagues and school support personnel. Teacher Assistance Teams should be used in selecting peers to facilitate pre-referral problem solving. This team discusses problems facing students and think of any possible solution they develop plan of action which is implemented by referring teachers (Harris, 418). This team decides whether students should be referred to bilingual special education or not. To minimize cases of students being referred to bilingual special education, this pre-referral procedure helps teachers in designing and implementing educational interventions which is effective in the least restrictive environment and regular classroom. For the teachers to ensure that special programs by not using special education as a dumping ground for students with limited-English-proficient it is an imperative that LEP students be thoroughly tested. In each possible formal and informal evaluation process should be applied in determining functioning level of students who are handicapped. There should be more research on development of language and acquisition of second language should be considered with research on cognitive development, neurolinguistic, psychological functioning and bilinguistic (Harris, 424). The article bilingual special education teachers shifting paradigms: complex responses to educational reform by Ruiz and Robert argues on nature and procedure of change among the five main bilingual special education teachers which are attempted in order to transform already existing instructional practices. Change process is affected by three factors namely; more special education training of teachers in teachers’ background with their strong reductionism orientation, change which involves shift in instructional practices and shift in beliefs and they don’t obvious go hand in hand and at the start of stages of collaboration change is most facilitated including practicing members of teachers’ occupational community as agents of change (Ruiz and Robert, 624). Paradigm of shift is a radical change in education system to cater for all students even those with learning disabilities. This helps in transforming people with severe disabilities academically. Programs and service systems which are more responsive to education of people with disabilities are used. Training methodologies and materials for those people with disabilities are used. Joining bilingual special education of those students with disabilities offer an interesting example on what should not be done in terms of educational evolution and reforms. This article argues mostly on the psychological and medical reinforcement of bilingual special education with teachers shift paradigm to cater for students with learning disabilities. Education paradigm shift is used by teachers to meet needs of these students (Ruiz and Robert, 631). Works Cited Figueroa, Richard, â€Å"Special Education for Latino Students in the United States,† Bilingual Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, 324-327, January, 1999 Goldstein, Barbara, â€Å"Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom,† Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 463-475, October, 1995 Harris, Kathleen, â€Å"School-Based Bilingual Special Education Teacher Assistance Teams,† Remedial Special Education, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 419-425, November, 1995 Ruiz, Nadeen T. , and Robert Rueda, â€Å"Bilingual Special Education Teachers Shifting Paradigms: Complex Responses To Educational Reform,† Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 10, 622-635, December, 1995 How to cite Bilingual special education, Papers

The Pearl by John Steinbeck Essay Example

The Pearl by John Steinbeck Paper 1. What kind of people do you think Kino and his wife are? First of all, Kino and his family seem to be poor people because we can see in the text that they have a quite bad standard of living: they live in a brush house, the baby sleeps in a hanging box, there ants in the house, they are not protected from wild and dangerous animal as the scorpion which stung Coyotito, they do not have enough money to get a treatment for the baby We can also notice that Kino and his family are Indians. Indeed the doctor call them like this and the author himself speak about the Kinos race but without saying which one it is. It seems to be different races where Kino lives. Another indication which makes us think that they are from another culture is when Juana is summoning magic when the baby is stung. 2. What ideas do you get about them living in a brush house near a tuna clump? Once again, it gives us the impression that they live in a poor place. Indeed the brush house suggests that they might have built their house themselves. It says in the first page: he looked first at the lightening square which was the door. This shows us that there is no door in Kinos house or that that the light can pass through it. 3. What can we conclude from what weve learnt so far? Basically, we learnt that Kino and his family seem to be quite poor living in a slum in a kind of shanty town aside from the real town. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pearl by John Steinbeck specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pearl by John Steinbeck specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pearl by John Steinbeck specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We do not know exactly what they do for living but they seem to have a simple and monotone life which does not enable them to provide themselves basic essentials such as paying a doctor for their baby for example. 4. Soundless, internal songs are important to Kino. What do you think that might tell us about him? Internal songs are maybe important to Kino because these animate a little bit his monotonous life: these help him to not be bored by the routine of his life. We learn that these songs are old songs and each of them represents the different feelings that Kino could have. Indeed when he wakes up and sees his wife doing the daily preparation, he heard the Song of Family and when he is enraged when he goes to the doctor, there are other songs in his head which correspond with this feeling. These songs tell us about Kino that he is a quiet man and he must be quite sensitive too if he can feels his emotions so much that he hear songs which correspond with each feeling. 5. How these differ from your family morning routines? First Juana wait that her husband wakes up, then she wake up her son. After this she prepares the breakfast for Kino, takes care of the house then she can take her breakfast. In primitive society, women prepare the meal for the husband because he needs to work, then they must take care of the children and the home and finally take care of themselves meanwhile in our modern society, tasks and jobs are shared between men and women. 6. How would you describe Kinos attitude to the life around him? Kino is young and strong which explains that he is a pearl diver. We can also say that he is dark skinned (the brown forehead). Kino also has a warm, fierce and bright gaze. He seems to like his life even if he is not very demonstrative: the Song of the Family shows that he is a family man and even if he is not rich, he has all basics essentials. 7. Does this seem a calm and happy family? Yes it seems to be a happy family because Kino and Juana love each other and they have a son that they love too. Once again the Song of the Family can prove to us that it is a peaceful and happy family. 8. Kino and Juana dont speak to each other much but the author says this isnt a sign of discontent. Does silence between two people usually indicate happiness or unhappiness, in your experience? In my opinion, conversation and communication between two people depend on the characters of the two people. Sometimes the fact that people dont speak together might mean that do not like each other but it can also be a sign of harmony between the to people and therefore do they do not have to talk or to argue. This is the case of Kino and Juana. Kino notices about his wife that she does not look strong. Indeed shes dependant and she is inferior to her husband, she is extremely patient and she has an iron will. We see that she can also take initiatives far example when she says get the doctor. She looks weak and fragile but psychologically, she is as strong as Kino. The changes in the way of living. There obviously no slums in Brussels and certainly no brush houses but there are of course, like in all big cities, rich areas and not so-rich-areas. For example the way of living in Uccle is very different from that of, for example, Scharbeek. 9. The beggars know about the doctor. What do they know about him and how have they found this out? The beggars were always watching and listening and therefore learnt a lot of people in the town. They knew the doctor, the fact that he was ignorant, liked money and carried out abortions, sometimes not very successfully. 10. When they arrive at the doctors door, Kino hesitates. What feelings sweep over him and why does he feel this way? He feels fear and anger obviously provoked by the fact that people of the doctors race considered people of Kinos race as animals, especially at that time (when Steinbeck wrote The Pearl). Fear because he was afraid that the doctor would turn him away and anger because it was not just. His anger manifested itself when he hit the iron gate so hard that he injured his hand after they were told to go away. By saying: I am a doctor, not a veterinary, the doctor obviously meant that these Indians who had come asking for help were nothing more than animals maybe because he is only racist or maybe because he really thought Indians were animals.

Benito Mussolini essays

Benito Mussolini essays Benito Mussolini was an ambitious dictator who started Fascism. He was a dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943.He was the kind of person who needed to prove himself to others and later became the most important supporter of the Fascist movement. Mussolini was also a writer and in his paper, he continued his campaign for war. He attempted to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with Hitler's Germany. This group wasnt afraid to use violence of subversion to achieve its objectives. Even though, Mussolini had hatred for the church, monarchies and the military. He had many different ideologies for that time. The three sources that will be evaluated are an internet site, an electronic encyclopedia and a newspaper article from the Seneca library database. This website is very easy to navigate through but has no author listed. But, there are two ways to contact the author. Either threw email or MSN Messenger. The author has a profile on MSN Messenger where his name, age, and location are given. His full name was not present only the initials V.M. were shown. The author of this website is 19 years old, which makes this site less reliable. There are also no documentations from original sources, which is also a concern. This site is not biased in any way. The author clearly informs the reader about Benito Mussolinis good services and bad actions. According to V.M., He did some service for the people, [...] he improved the Italian Railways and reduced unemployment. The site offers good coverage on Benito Mussolinis life by telling us that he worked as a teacher at an elementary school, then he moved to Switzerland to be a workman, and after that he went back to Italy to join the army. There is a wide variety of information ranging from hi s early life all the way to his death. There is some information about his personal life and how the public viewed him. This is a good source of inform ...

Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare

Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare Updated and Edited by  Michelle A. Rivera,  Animal Rights Expert for About.com  May 16, 2016 The environmental movement and the animal rights movement often have similar goals, but the philosophies are different and sometimes cause the two camps to oppose each other. The Environmental Movement The goal of the environmental movement is protect the environment and use resources in a sustainable manner. Campaigns are based on the big picture - whether a practice can continue without harming the balance of the ecosystem. The environment is important as it affects human health, but the environment is also, in itself, worth protecting. Popular environmental campaigns include protecting the Amazon rainforest from deforestation, protecting endangered species, reducing pollution, and fighting climate change. The Animal Rights Movement The goal of the animal rights movement is for animals to be free of human use and exploitation. Animal rights is based on a recognition that non-human animals are sentient and therefore have their own rights and interests. While some activists work on single issue campaigns such as fur, meat, or circuses; the broader goal is a vegan world where all animal use and exploitation is eliminated. Similarities Between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Both movements recognize we must protect the environment. Both oppose unsustainable practices, and both seek to protect wildlife from habitat loss, pollution and climate change. These threats affect not only whole ecosystems but individual animals who will suffer and die if we continue to ignore environmental issues. We also often see environmental and animal rights groups taking the same position on an issue for different reasons. While animal rights groups oppose eating meat because it infringes on the rights of the animals, some environmental groups oppose meat eating because of the environmental devastation of animal agriculture. The Atlantic Chapter of the Sierra Club has a Biodiversity/Vegetarian Outreach Committee, and calls meat a Hummer on a Plate. Both movements also work to protect endangered animal species. Animal rights activists work to protect spotted owls because they are sentient beings, while environmentalists want to see individual spotted owls protected because the individuals are important for the survival of the species; and that species is important in the web of life. Differences between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Most animal rights activists also try to protect the environment, but if there is a conflict between environmental protection and the lives of individual animals, animal rights activists will choose to protect the animals because the animals are sentient and the rights of the individuals cannot be infringed to protect trees or a collective group. Also, environmentalists may not object if an activity kills or threatens individual animals without threatening the species or ecosystem as a whole. For example, some environmentalists do not oppose hunting or may even support hunting if they believe that hunting will not threaten the survival of the species. The rights and interests of individual animals are not a concern to some environmentalists. However, hunting cannot be considered acceptable to animal rights advocates because killing an animal, whether it is for food or trophies, infringes on the rights of the animal. This applies whether or not the species is endangered or threatened. To an animal rights activist, the life of a single animal matters. Similarly, environmentalists often talk about conservation, which is the sustainable use of a resource. Hunters also use the word conservation as a euphemism for hunting. To animal rights advocates, animals should not be considered a resource. This difference in philosophies causes People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to refer to the World Wildlife Fund as the Wicked Wildlife Fund. WWF is not an animal rights group, but works to conserve nature. According to PETA, WWF has demanded more animal testing of genetically modified organisms before they are approved for human consumption. To WWF, the potential threat of GMOs to the environment and to human health outweighs the lives of animals who are used for GMO safety testing. Animal rights advocates believe that we cannot exploit animals in laboratories by conducting GMO testing, or in any other testing, regardless of the possible benefits. According to PETA, WWF also does not oppose the killing of seals for fur, since they do not believe that the practice threatens the survival of the seal population. Wildlife While the deaths of individual animals are not usually considered an environmental issue, environmental groups do sometimes get involved in non-endangered wildlife issues. For example, some environmental groups work to protect all whale species, even though some whale species - such as minke whales and Brydes whales - are not endangered. The protection of large, iconic animals like whales, panda bears and elephants will probably always be championed by some environmental groups regardless of their survival status due to the popularity of these animals, which gives them a high profile.